Learn about petroleum, crude oil or oil and gas. Find and list petroleum products, oil and gas equipment and machinery, oil and gas services, oil and gas businesses.
Facts About Petroleum, Crude Oil or Oil and Gas
There are somethings you should know about petroleum, crude oil or oil and gas.
The terms petroleum, crude oil or oil and gas are synonymous and so they are used interchangeably. Their usage by different people on different context do not deviate from what they mean. So when individuals or people say petroleum, such individuals or people refer to crude oil and oil & gas.
Petroleum is a viscous (thick and sticky), flammable and yellow-to-black liquid substance found naturally beneath the earth. It is called mineral oil, rock oil, fossil oil and in some instances liquid black gold because of its economic value and importance and so it serves as the economic backbone of countries that have it in good qualities and large quantities. When petroleum is discovered (explored) at a particular site it is obtained by drilling (oil drilling) and thereafter can be used or sold unprocessed or sold after it is processed (refined) into different types of products commonly called fuels (petroleum products). By the process of distillation (fractional distillation), crude oil can be separated or refined into different consumer products like petrol (gasoline- a transparent, petroleum-derived liquid that is used primarily as a fuel in internal combustion), kerosene, asphalt, lubricating oils, paraffin wax and other chemical reagents that are required in addition to other raw materials in the manufacture of plastics and drugs ( in pharmaceutical industries). Bitumen (asphalt ) is the thickest form of petroleum. Bitumen, asphalt and tarmac (tar) are used for paving road by road construction companies for road construction. As a matter of fact, crude oil is used as raw material for many derivative products. The importance of the oil and gas industry cannot be overemphasized as it full business opportunities as well create jobs for people.
In the petroleum industry, there is what is called integrated oil and gas companies. These are companies or businesses in the oil and gas sector that carry out discovering (exploring), obtaining, producing, refining, and distribution of oil and gas. Integrated oil and gas companies combine both upstream and downstream services as far the oil and gas industry is involved. This is unlike when oil and gas companies are specialized in either the downstream or upstream oil and gas operation.
Over the years, due to scientific findings obtained through series of chemical analysis (organic chemistry precisely) has shown that petroleum is made up of organic compounds containing the major elements hydrogen and carbon. These organic compounds made up of to hydrogen and carbon are called hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons have different molecular weights. Petroleum is a fossil fuel formed as a result of the decomposition of large quantities of dead organisms like zooplankton and alga (which are subjected to intense heat and pressure) that are buried underneath sedimentary rocks.
History of Crude Oil, History of Petroleum, History of Oil and Gas
History have it that James Young in 1847 invented the distillation process of kerosene (a petroleum product also called dual purpose kerosene-DPK) from crude oil. Then in 1859 Edwin Drake sank the first known oil well in Pennsylvania. World War I encouraged the mass production of crude oil and natural gas and from that time petroleum and petroleum products became sort-after products or commodities that have high market demand just like gold and diamonds which people were and still trading locally and internationally. Statistics show that the transportation industry ( land, air and water transport) is responsible for using 70%. This is because they all have combustion engines.
Types of Crude Oil or Classification of Crude Oil
There are four (4) types of crude oil or crude oil can be classified into four (4). These are heavy crude, light crude, sweet crude and sour crude.
Difference Between Heavy Crude Oil and Light Crude Oil
There are differences between heavy crude and light crude. Based on molecular composition, viscosity and ease of flow there are two types of crude oil. These are heavy crude oil and light crude oil. Heavy crude oil or extra heavy crude is the type of crude oil that is highly viscous and so it cannot flow easily under normal conditions from the reservoir to production wells. This is because the heavy crude have higher density or specific gravity in contrast to light crude. This means that light crude oil is less viscous and flow easily from the reservoir to the production wells as well as have lower gravity, density and lighter molecular composition when compared with heavy crude. Production, transportation, and refining of heavy crude oil present special challenges compared to light crude oil. It is important to know that there are more reservoir of heavy crude oil than light crude oil. Moreover, high sulfur (sulphur) content for some sources of heavy crude oil now makes light crude oil to be more expensive than heavy crude oil. Heavy oil has higher boiling point and molecular weight than light oil.
Difference Between Sweet Crude Oil and Sour Crude Oil
Sweet crude oil is different from sour crude oil. The difference between sweet crude and sour crude can be seen in the amount of sulphur they contain. Sweet crude oil is crude oil with lower content of sulphur while sour crude oil is crude oil that has higher content of sulphur than light crude. The density of crude oil is determined by the length of the hydrocarbons contained by such crude. Also the ratio of carbon to hydrogen in the hydrocarbon is also a determinant in the classification of crude oil. This implies that heavy crude oil (which has higher density than light crude oil) have longer hydrocarbon chains as well as higher ratio of carbon to hydrogen in the hydrocarbon that made it up. Contrarily, light crude oil ( which has lower density than heavy crude oil) have shorter hydrocarbon chains as well as higher ratio of hydrogen to carbon that made it up.
Some Products That Can Be Made From Petroleum; Petroleum By-Products
According to Ranken Energy, a partial list of products that can be made from petroleum are :
Solvents | Diesel fuel | Motor Oil | Bearing Grease |
Ink | Floor Wax | Ballpoint Pens | Football Cleats |
Upholstery | Sweaters | Boats | Insecticides |
Bicycle Tires | Sports Car Bodies | Nail Polish | Fishing lures |
Dresses | Tires | Golf Bags | Perfumes |
Cassettes | Dishwasher parts | Tool Boxes | Shoe Polish |
Motorcycle Helmet | Caulking | Petroleum Jelly | Transparent Tape |
CD Player | Faucet Washers | Antiseptics | Clothesline |
Curtains | Food Preservatives | Basketballs | Soap |
Vitamin Capsules | Antihistamines | Purses | Shoes |
Dashboards | Cortisone | Deodorant | Footballs |
Putty | Dyes | Panty Hose | Refrigerant |
Percolators | Life Jackets | Rubbing Alcohol | Linings |
Skis | TV Cabinets | Shag Rugs | Electrician’s Tape |
Tool Racks | Car Battery Cases | Epoxy | Paint |
Mops | Slacks | Insect Repellent | Oil Filters |
Umbrellas | Yarn | Fertilizers | Hair Coloring |
Roofing | Toilet Seats | Fishing Rods | Lipstick |
Denture Adhesive | Linoleum | Ice Cube Trays | Synthetic Rubber |
Speakers | Plastic Wood | Electric Blankets | Glycerin |
Tennis Rackets | Rubber Cement | Fishing Boots | Dice |
Nylon Rope | Candles | Trash Bags | House Paint |
Water Pipes | Hand Lotion | Roller Skates | Surf Boards |
Shampoo | Wheels | Paint Rollers | Shower Curtains |
Guitar Strings | Luggage | Aspirin | Safety Glasses |
Antifreeze | Football Helmets | Awnings | Eyeglasses |
Clothes | Toothbrushes | Ice Chests | Footballs |
Combs | CD’s & DVD’s | Paint Brushes | Detergents |
Vaporizers | Balloons | Sun Glasses | Tents |
Heart Valves | Crayons | Parachutes | Telephones |
Enamel | Pillows | Dishes | Cameras |
Anesthetics | Artificial Turf | Artificial limbs | Bandages |
Dentures | Model Cars | Folding Doors | Hair Curlers |
Cold cream | Movie film | Soft Contact lenses | Drinking Cups |
Fan Belts | Car Enamel | Shaving Cream | Ammonia |
Refrigerators | Golf Balls | Toothpaste | Gasoline |
It is worthy of note that from the above partial list of some products that can be obtained from petroleum, it is obvious that crude oil is a very important natural resource for economic development of countries that have it in quantities and qualities. Petroleum is of importance to petrochemical industries, agricultural industries, food industries, pharmaceutical industries, transport industries, technology industries, to mention but a few. Apart from the job creation capacity of the oil and gas industry, the petroleum industry is full of direct and indirect business opportunities or investment opportunities for local and international investors or oil and gas business startups with good research and business plan.
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